Line a large rimmed baking sheet with a silicone baking mat or a piece of parchment paper; set aside.
In a large, heavy-bottomed stock pot or saucepan combine 2 cups granulated sugar, ½ cup water, ½ cup light corn syrup, and 6 tablespoons unsalted butter. Clip a candy thermometer to the pot with the thermometer tip immersed in the sugar mixture but not touching the bottom.
Heat the mixture over medium-high heat and bring to a boil. Do not stir or otherwise disturb the cooking sugars while they are coming to temperature. Continue cooking until the mixture begins to turn lightly golden and the thermometer reaches 300°F (hard‑crack stage). This typically takes about 12–16 minutes.
As soon as the thermometer reads 300°F, immediately turn off the heat and, if you are using an electric stove, remove the pot from the burner so the mixture stops cooking.
Working quickly and carefully (the mixture will bubble), stir in 1 teaspoon baking soda, 2 teaspoons vanilla extract, and 2 cups roasted & salted cashews. Stir just long enough to distribute the ingredients—the baking soda will cause the mixture to foam.
Immediately pour the hot brittle onto the prepared baking sheet and, using a heatproof spatula or by tilting the sheet, spread the mixture into an even layer (about a 9 × 12‑inch rectangle). Work quickly—the brittle begins to harden almost immediately.
Let the cashew brittle cool completely at room temperature until hard, then break into pieces.