Preheat the oven to 350°F and line two baking sheets with parchment paper; set aside.
Make the cheesecake filling: in a medium bowl, beat 8 ounces chilled cream cheese, 1/2 cup powdered sugar, and 1/4 teaspoon vanilla on medium speed until smooth, scraping down the bowl as needed. Transfer the filling to a smaller bowl and refrigerate while you make the cookie dough.
In a large bowl, cream 1 cup unsalted butter (room temperature), 3/4 cup packed brown sugar, and 1 cup granulated sugar on medium speed for 1–2 minutes until light and combined.
Add 2 large eggs and 2 teaspoons vanilla to the butter-sugar mixture and beat until fluffy and well incorporated.
Add 3 1/2 cups flour, 1 teaspoon baking powder, 1/2 teaspoon baking soda, and 1 teaspoon salt to the bowl. Mix on low speed just until combined and no large streaks of flour remain; do not overmix.
Fold 2 cups chocolate chips into the dough by hand with a spatula until evenly distributed.
Use a medium cookie scoop (about 2 tablespoons) to portion dough. Place scoops on the prepared baking sheet about 2 inches apart; do not bake yet.
Flatten each dough scoop into a disc large enough to hold the filling (about 2–3 inches across).
Remove the cheesecake filling from the refrigerator. Using a teaspoon, place about 1 1/2 to 2 teaspoons of filling in the center of each flattened dough disc.
Fold the dough up around the filling, pinching the edges to completely seal the filling inside. Smooth each filled cookie into a ball with no exposed filling and place seam-side down on the baking sheet, spaced 2 inches apart.
Bake at 350°F for 11–13 minutes, until the edges are set and the centers are still soft. The cookies will remain light in color.
Remove the baking sheet from the oven and let the cookies cool on the sheet for 2–3 minutes, then transfer to a cooling rack to cool completely.