Bring a large pot of salted water to a boil. Add the 8 oz of penne pasta and cook according to package instructions until al dente, usually about 9-11 minutes. Drain the pasta well and set it aside.
In a large skillet, heat 1 tablespoon of olive oil over medium-high heat. Add the diced chicken breast and cook, stirring occasionally, until the chicken is no longer pink and cooked through, about 6-8 minutes. Remove the chicken from the skillet and set aside.
In the same skillet, add the chopped onion and sliced bell pepper. Sauté for about 5 minutes until the veggies are tender and slightly caramelized. Add the minced garlic and cook for another 1-2 minutes until fragrant.
Sprinkle in 1 teaspoon chili powder, 1 teaspoon cumin, 1/2 teaspoon paprika, 1/2 teaspoon oregano, 1/2 teaspoon salt, and 1/4 teaspoon black pepper. Stir well to coat the vegetables and garlic evenly with the spices.
Return the cooked chicken to the skillet. Pour in 1 cup of chicken broth and stir everything together. Let the mixture simmer for 3-4 minutes to blend the flavors and slightly reduce the broth.
Remove the skillet from heat and stir in 1 cup of sour cream until smooth and creamy. Then fold in the cooked penne pasta, making sure every piece is coated in the luscious sauce.
Transfer the entire mixture into a greased 9x13-inch baking dish. Sprinkle 1 cup of shredded cheddar cheese and 1 cup of shredded mozzarella cheese evenly over the top.
Preheat your oven to 375°F (190°C). Bake the casserole for 20-25 minutes, or until the cheese is melted, bubbly, and lightly golden on top.
Once out of the oven, sprinkle 1/4 cup of chopped fresh cilantro over the casserole if you like a fresh herbal note. Serve hot and enjoy the cheesy, spicy goodness!