Bring a large pot of salted water to a boil. Add the penne pasta and cook according to package instructions until al dente. Drain and set aside.
While the pasta cooks, heat olive oil in a large skillet over medium-high heat. Add diced chicken breast, season with salt, pepper, cumin, and paprika. Cook until the chicken is browned and cooked through, about 5-7 minutes. Add minced garlic and chipotle peppers in adobo sauce, sauté for another 1-2 minutes until fragrant.
In a large mixing bowl, combine the cooked penne, sautéed chicken mixture, corn kernels, black beans, diced tomatoes, lime juice, and half of the shredded cheddar cheese. Mix everything gently but thoroughly to evenly distribute the flavors.
Preheat your oven to 375°F (190°C). Transfer the mixture into a greased 9x13-inch baking dish. Sprinkle the remaining cheddar cheese evenly over the top.
Bake uncovered for 20-25 minutes, or until the cheese is melted and bubbly. Remove from the oven and garnish with fresh cilantro before serving.