Preheat oven to 350°F. Line a 9x13-inch baking dish with parchment paper, leaving an overhang for lifting the bars out later.
Unwrap 11 oz vanilla caramels and place them in a small saucepan with 4 tbsp butter and 14 oz sweetened condensed milk.
Cook the caramel mixture over medium–low heat, stirring frequently, until the caramels have fully melted and the mixture is smooth. Remove from heat and let sit a few minutes to cool slightly.
In a large mixing bowl, cream 1 1/2 sticks unsalted butter with 2 cups light brown sugar until light and fluffy.
Add 1/2 cup creamy peanut butter to the butter–sugar mixture and continue mixing until combined.
Add 2 eggs, one at a time, mixing well after each. Stir in 1 tbsp vanilla.
In a separate bowl, combine 2 cups flour, 1 cup old fashioned oats, 2 1/2 tsp baking powder, and 1/4 tsp salt.
Gradually add the dry mixture to the wet mixture, stirring until just combined.
Stir in 2 cups chocolate chips until evenly distributed.
Press about two-thirds of the dough evenly into the bottom of the prepared 9x13 pan.
Slowly pour the caramel mixture evenly over the dough layer in the pan.
Drop the remaining dough by teaspoonfuls over the caramel layer; it does not need to cover the caramel completely.
Bake in the preheated oven for about 30 minutes, until the edges are set and the top is lightly golden.
Remove from oven and let the bars cool completely in the pan. Use the parchment overhang to lift the slab from the pan, then cut into bars.