Bring a large pot of salted water to a boil. Add the penne pasta and cook according to package instructions until al dente (usually about 10-12 minutes). Drain the pasta and set it aside.
In a large skillet, heat the olive oil over medium-high heat. Add the thinly sliced beef steak and cook until browned and just cooked through, about 3-4 minutes. Remove the beef from the skillet and set aside.
In the same skillet, add the sliced green bell pepper, sliced onion, and minced garlic. Sauté until the vegetables are softened and fragrant, about 5-6 minutes.
Pour the beef broth into the skillet with the sautéed vegetables and bring it to a simmer. Let it reduce slightly, about 3 minutes. Lower the heat and stir in the heavy cream, salt, black pepper, and Italian seasoning. Allow the sauce to thicken for 2-3 minutes, stirring occasionally.
Add the cooked penne pasta and browned beef back into the skillet with the creamy sauce and vegetables. Stir well to coat everything evenly. Then fold in 1½ cups of shredded provolone cheese until melted and incorporated.
Preheat your oven to 375°F (190°C). Transfer the pasta mixture into a greased baking dish. Sprinkle the remaining ½ cup of provolone cheese and the grated Parmesan cheese evenly over the top.
Bake uncovered for 20-25 minutes, or until the top is bubbly and golden brown.
Remove the casserole from the oven and let it rest for a few minutes before serving. This dish pairs wonderfully with a fresh green salad or garlic bread for a complete meal.