Prepare the sauce: heat a medium saucepan over medium heat. Add 2 tablespoons olive oil and 2 tablespoons flour and stir constantly until smooth and bubbly, about 1–2 minutes.
Add 1/4 cup chili powder, 1/2 teaspoon garlic powder, 1/2 teaspoon salt, 1/4 teaspoon ground cumin, and 1/4 teaspoon Mexican oregano to the pan; stir until well combined.
Gradually whisk in 2 cups vegetable stock, bring the mixture to a boil, then reduce heat and simmer for 5 minutes. Remove from heat and set sauce aside.
Make the filling: heat a large skillet over medium-high heat. Add 1 tablespoon olive oil, then add 1 diced onion and cook until the onion is soft and translucent, about 5 minutes.
Add 1 cup cooked black beans to the skillet and cook for about 2 minutes to heat through. Turn off the heat, then stir in 1/4 cup chopped fresh cilantro and the juice of 1 lime.
Divide the 1 cup shredded reduced-fat cheddar cheese in half; set one half aside for filling and reserve the other half for topping.
Soften the tortillas: place the 12 corn tortillas on a plate and cover with a damp paper towel. Microwave for 1 minute, or until the tortillas are soft and pliable. Reheat in additional 15–20 second increments if necessary while assembling.
Assemble the enchiladas: place about 2 tablespoons of the bean-onion filling down the center of each tortilla. Sprinkle a portion of the reserved first half of the shredded cheese over the filling, roll up each tortilla, and place seam-side down in the slow cooker. Pack the rolled tortillas tightly so they support one another.
Pour the prepared sauce evenly over the rolled enchiladas in the slow cooker, making sure they are well covered. Cover the slow cooker and cook on LOW for 4 to 6 hours.
About 15 minutes before serving, sprinkle the remaining shredded cheese over the top of the enchiladas, cover, and continue cooking on LOW until the cheese is melted, about 15 minutes.
Serve the enchiladas hot with reduced-fat sour cream and additional chopped fresh cilantro.