Bring a large pot of salted water to a boil. Add the penne pasta and cook according to package instructions until al dente, usually about 9-11 minutes. Drain the pasta and set aside, reserving about a half cup of pasta water for later.
In a large skillet, heat the olive oil over medium-high heat. Add the diced chicken breast, season with salt and pepper, and cook until browned and cooked through, about 5-7 minutes. Remove the chicken from the pan and set aside.
In the same skillet, add a little more olive oil if needed. Sauté the diced onion and bell pepper until softened, about 4-5 minutes. Stir in the minced garlic and cook for another minute until fragrant.
Return the cooked chicken to the skillet with the vegetables. Add the black beans, corn kernels, cumin, chili powder, and enchilada sauce. Stir everything together and let it simmer for 3-4 minutes to meld the flavors.
Add the drained penne pasta to the skillet and toss to coat evenly with the enchilada sauce mixture. If the sauce seems too thick, add a splash of the reserved pasta water to loosen it up.
Sprinkle the shredded cheese over the pasta, cover the skillet, and let it melt for 2-3 minutes. Once melted, garnish with freshly chopped cilantro for a burst of color and freshness.